Unidad did?ctica sobre la ense?anza de la cultura prehisp?nica desarrollada desde el laboratorio de arqueolog?a del museo antropol?gico de la Universidad del Tolima.

59 P?ginasRecurso Electr?nicoEn b?squeda de incentivar la apropiaci?n de los valores culturales prehisp?nicos de la regi?n tolimense y el pa?s se dise?? una Unidad did?ctica sobre la ense?anza de la cultura prehisp?nica dirigida a los estudiantes de cuarto y quinto de educaci?n b?sica primaria desarrollada desde el Laboratorio de Arqueolog?a del Museo Antropol?gico de la Universidad del Tolima. Es as? que esta unidad did?ctica se ofrece como herramienta pedag?gica en la ense?anza de las ciencias sociales, pretendiendo identificar el desarrollo cultural y tecnol?gico de los antiguos pobladores a partir de la explicaci?n del uso y la funci?n de cada una de las Colecciones Arqueol?gicas que reposan en el laboratorio. Contribuyendo de esta manera a desarrollar la capacidad reflexiva y el pensamiento cr?tico que generan significado para la sociedad y el contexto al cual pertenecemos. Esta propuesta est? sustentada en una investigaci?n cualitativa que busca conceptualizar sobre la realidad con base en el comportamiento, los conocimientos, las actitudes y los valores de las personas estudiadas. Dentro de las fases del proceso investigativo se encuentra la exploratoria con el objeto de estudio y la formulaci?n de problema y en la parte de teorizaci?n est?n los antecedentes, el rastro te?rico y la selecci?n, igualmente est?n las t?cnicas de informaci?n, variables, indicadores y categor?as. Finalmente se realiz? una prueba piloto aplicando la unidad did?ctica, que fue ejecutada con 30 estudiantes de los grados cuarto y quinto de b?sica primaria, pertenecientes a la Instituto T?cnico Ambiental Combeima sede Olaya Herrera. Dicha actividad est? acompa?ada de sus respectivas evidencias y el an?lisis correspondiente.ABSTRACT. In search to encourage the appropriation of pre-Hispanic and cultural values of the region and country Tolimense was designed a didactic unit about the teach of pre-Hispanic culture directed to the students fourth and fifth of basic primary education developed from the Laboratory of Archaeology, Anthropology Museum of the University of Tolima. Is well that this didactic unit is offered as an educational tool in the teaching of social sciences, pretending to identify the cultural and technological development of the old settlers starting from the explanation of the use and function of each of the Archaeological Collections which repose in the laboratory. Contributing in this manner to develop reflective capacity and critical think that generated meaning for the society and context to which we belong. This proposal is supported in a qualitative research that seeks to conceptualize about the reality based on behavior, knowledges, attitudes, and values of the people studied. Equally are the techniques of information, variables, indicators and categories. Finally, was realized a pilot test applying the didactic unit that was executed with 30 students of grades four and fifth of basic primary, belonging to the Instituto T?cnico Ambiental Combeima Olaya Herrera headquarters. This activity is accompanied by their respective evidence, and the corresponding analysis.INTRODUCCI?N 10 1. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 12 1.1 PREGUNTA PROBLEMA 14 2. JUSTIFICACI?N 15 3. OBJETIVOS 17 3.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 17 3.2 OBJETIVOS ESPEC?FICOS 17 4. ANTECEDENTES 18 5. MARCO TE?RICO 23 5.1 LA EDUCACI?N EN EL CONTEXTO SOCIAL A TRAV?S DE LAS 23 UNIDADES DID?CTICAS COMO FACTOR DETERMINANTE EN EL PROCESO DE ENSE?ANZA 5.1.1 La Ense?anza de la Arqueolog?a y el Museo Antropol?gico de la 23 Universidad del Tolima: Los Programas de Extensi?n Encaminados a la Preservaci?n y Divulgaci?n del Patrimonio Cultural 5.1.2 Educaci?n y Pr?cticas Pedag?gicas 25 5.1.3 La Ense?anza por Medio de las Unidades Did?cticas 26 5.1.4 Unidad Did?ctica ?Culturas Prehisp?nicas? Articulada a los Est?ndares 28 B?sicos de Competencias en Ciencias Sociales 6. DESCRIPCI?N DE LA POBLACI?N BENEFICIADA 30 7. DISE?O DE UNIDAD DID?CTICA 33 7.1 DESCRIPCI?N DE LA UNIDAD DID?CTICA 33 7.2 OBJETIVOS DID?CTICOS 34 7.3 CONTENIDOS DE APRENDIZAJE 34 7.4 SECUENCIA DE ACTIVIDADES 35 7.5 RECURSOS MATERIALES 37 7.6 EVALUACI?N 38 8. AN?LISIS Y RESULTADOS 40 9. CONCLUSIONES 43 REFERENCIAS 46 ANEXO 4

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field